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African economies should adapt to global challenges amid US-China tariff wars

BELINDA BANTHAM — Thu, 17 Apr 2025 06:29:35 +0000

African economies should adapt to global challenges amid US-China tariff wars

BELINDA BANTHAM Thu, 04/17/2025 - 08:29

In a timely Pitso webinar hosted on Friday, 11 April, the North-West University (NWU) Business School featured distinguished panellists who discussed the vulnerable status of African economies caught in the crossfire of escalating international tariff wars. As countries on the continent compete for both economic sovereignty and competitive advantage, the discussion focused on how the economic power struggle between the US and China is changing trade landscapes throughout Africa.

The unpredictable nature of the present tariff environment was highlighted by Khaya Sithole, columnist and director of Regulatory Affairs at the Association of Black Securities and Investment Professionals (ABSIP). He cited the ongoing trade disputes between the US and China, where taxes on some imports have risen to a surprising 125%. Sithole said, "The first thing we are all going to check after this conversation is what the latest tariff rates are," stressing the unpredictable commercial landscape that African countries must navigate while formulating their economic policies.

Claude de Baissac, founder of Eunomix, emphasised the significance of geopolitical concerns and urged participants to get ready for a future marked by more uncertainty. De Baissac delivered a thoughtful evaluation, hinting at scenarios where the US might aggressively assert economic dominance. "We are no longer in a world where this is not going to happen," he warned, emphasising the need for strategic resilience in South Africa’s trade policies.

In turn, Stavros Nicolaou, group senior executive for Strategic Trade at the Aspen Pharma Group, addressed the critical importance of trade alignment for South Africa's economic health. He promoted a pragmatic approach to international commerce, stating: "A country like South Africa, with economic challenges, cannot afford to be partisan or parochial to any particular geography or region in the world. South Africa needs to fully understand trade patterns and it must be open to trading with everyone." Nicolaou's argument stressed the need to keep a variety of trade connections rather than aligning solely with one of the two economic superpowers.

Agricultural sector insights came from Wandile Sihlobo, chief economist of the Agricultural Business Chamber of South Africa, who proposed stronger ties with the United States. He said, "The best path for South Africa is to engage with the US on a free trade agreement," suggesting that in order to obtain favourable conditions, both parties would have to make concessions.

De Baissac provided critique of contemporary tariff diplomacy, particularly regarding the present US administration's approach. He claimed that, while reciprocal tariffs have traditionally been the foundation of international trade, US President Donald Trump is "abusing the term by calling it political tariffs" when they serve as instruments of economic coercion, intended to pressure international economic entities into accommodating American demands.

The perspectives of these experts illustrate a careful balancing of tasks that is necessary as African economies continue to strive for both the protection of domestic industries and integration into international markets. African nations need to develop smart and flexible strategies to withstand these economic imbalances caused by great powers competing with each other. At the same time, they should advance their own trade interests and sovereignty in a world economy that is becoming increasingly unpredictable.

‘Assume that I can’: putting a spotlight on Down Syndrome awareness

BELINDA BANTHAM — Wed, 16 Apr 2025 10:15:02 +0000

‘Assume that I can’: putting a spotlight on Down Syndrome awareness

by Phenyo Mokgothu

BELINDA BANTHAM Wed, 04/16/2025 - 12:15

Society tends to have low expectations of people with Down Syndrome, a genetic condition that affects the development of the brain. Such perceptions are unfair and uncalled for, according to the international advertising campaign titled “Assume that I can”, which challenges widely held stereotypes of Down Syndrome.

The North-West University (NWU) has added its weight to the global call for greater Down Syndrome awareness. On 21 March 2025, a day that celebrated human rights and World Down Syndrome Day, the NWU turned classrooms and community halls into spaces of learning, sharing and unlearning long-held misconceptions.

In partnership with the South African Agency for Science and Technology Advancement (SAASTA), the NWU’s Science Centre and the School of Nursing, hosted two public lectures, one in the Tsetse community and another on the Mahikeng Campus, under the theme "Celebrating diversity: We are all unique".

Nursing science lecturers and professional nurses Kgomotso Mathope and Modiegi Motlhokodi addressed the medical and social aspects of Down Syndrome for a diverse audience of community members, students and educators.

“Down Syndrome is not the result of anything a mother did or did not do during pregnancy,” said Kgomotso, at the Tsetse session. “It is a chromosomal condition, and early understanding helps reduce stigma.”

Modiegi explained the available diagnostic tools for expectant mothers and emphasised the importance of inclusive community practices. “Participation in activities such as sports is important. These individuals have abilities that can be developed and supported,”

Attendees raised questions ranging from educational inclusion to reproductive health and support systems for families. Some parents shared personal experiences of raising children with Down Syndrome, which, according to the organisers, added depth to the discussions.

Later in the evening, the lecture was repeated for NWU students and staff on the Mahikeng Campus. The session included a screening of the “Assume that I can” awareness video, prompting reflection and engagement from the audience.

“These conversations are necessary, especially on a day when we reflect on rights, dignity and the value of every individual,” said Kgomotso.

Nursing science lecturers and professional nurses Kgomotso Mathope and Modiegi Motlhokodi addressed the medical and social aspects of Down Syndrome on World Down Syndrome Day.

NWU AI Hub: Now it is official!

BELINDA BANTHAM — Tue, 15 Apr 2025 10:34:45 +0000

NWU AI Hub: Now it is official!

by Bertie Jacobs

BELINDA BANTHAM Tue, 04/15/2025 - 12:34

The groundwork was laid over a year ago, and the foundation has been continuously reinforced through engagement with staff and students, the formulation of policies and guidelines, extensive planning and investigations and – most importantly – a shared commitment to embracing artificial intelligence (AI) in an ethical and responsible way at the North-West University (NWU). Although the wait is over, and there is still much hard work ahead, the University can say: Congratulations, the NWU AI Hub has officially been launched.

NWU’s picturesque Vanderbijlpark Campus recently hosted the official launch of the NWU AI Hub, attended by Prof Linda du Plessis, Deputy Vice-Chancellor for Teaching and Learning, who expressed her admiration for the progress already made by the NWU and her excitement for what the future holds.

According to Prof Anné Verhoef, Director of the NWU AI Hub, the NWU has a very strong educational approach to the ethical and responsible use of AI, and many restrictive and remedial measures have been put in place as a barricade against its misuse.

“The integrity of degrees at the NWU is crucial. It is given the highest priority by the Registrar and the University’s management, especially now with the new challenges posed by AI. We are addressing this in a number of constructive ways. The AI Hub plays a crucial role at the NWU. AI affects everything and everyone, and the Hub provides a central place or platform to coordinate all AI matters. One of the great successes of the AI Hub so far is that it has helped to develop training courses and opportunities for students and staff. AI training has been identified globally as the biggest need for AI in higher education, and NWU has developed two AI courses so far. The first is for students and we call it AI for Academic and Career Success, and the second is for lecturers and focuses on assessments that incorporate AI,” Verhoef explains.

The first course was launched on 17 February and is specifically designed to meet the needs of students in the South African context.

“The aim of the course is to provide students with a basic understanding of AI and to guide them in the practical, ethical and responsible use of the most well-known AI applications. The course is a two-hour online course, it is free, and in the end the students will receive an NWU AI certificate.”

AI courses for staff will start in May.

This is just a drop in the ocean of what has already been done, and the NWU AI Hub has much more to offer.

Verhoef says: “The NWU is leading the way in AI with our dedicated AI website, the establishment of the AI Hub, the functioning of our inclusive AI Steering Committee, our unique AI courses for students and staff, and our educational approach to academic integrity in the age of AI.”

Not even ChatGPT can predict the next steps for this bold NWU initiative.

Prof Linda du Plessis, Deputy Vice-Chancellor for Teaching and Learning, address attendees during the official launch of the NWU AI Hub.

Prof Anné Verhoef, Director of the NWU AI Hub.

AGSA’s chief risk officer shares insights on risk from an entrepreneurship perspective

BELINDA BANTHAM — Mon, 14 Apr 2025 09:59:08 +0000

AGSA’s chief risk officer shares insights on risk from an entrepreneurship perspective

by Belinda Bantham

BELINDA BANTHAM Mon, 04/14/2025 - 11:59

Bridging the gap between academic theory and real-world experience, the North-West University (NWU) recently hosted Mr Solly Segooa, chief risk officer at the Auditor-General of South Africa (AGSA), for a thought-provoking guest lecture titled “Understanding and managing risk in entrepreneurship”.

The session offered students a unique opportunity to gain practical insight into the complexities of financial oversight, governance, and risk management in both public and private sectors.

As the institution responsible for auditing government expenditure and promoting financial accountability across South Africa, the AGSA plays a vital role in ensuring the responsible use of public funds. Welcoming an expert from this esteemed office brought the realities of governance and risk into sharp focus for students of the Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences.

Mr Segooa, who brings decades of experience in finance, governance, and corporate risk, delivered a dynamic and engaging lecture far beyond textbook theory.

“Risk isn’t something to avoid,” he told students. “It’s something to understand, engage with, and, when possible, turn into an opportunity.” He illustrated his points with real-life stories from his career, highlighting the tough decisions and valuable lessons that come with managing risk in complex environments.

Dr Lerato E. Mdaka, a senior lecturer in the Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences, reflected on the significance of Mr Segooa’s visit. “At the NWU, we’re always looking for ways to bridge theory with practice, and inviting industry leaders is one of the best ways. Mr Segooa’s insights helped students understand the practical implications of risk and entrepreneurship in a way that is both accessible and globally relevant.”

The lecture also carried international importance, as the University of Kigali, Rwanda joined the lecture as part of an ongoing partnership with the NWU.

“Having the University of Kigali participate was particularly meaningful,” Dr Mdaka added. “When we talk about entrepreneurship, we’re discussing something that transcends borders. The risks an entrepreneur faces in Kigali might look different from those in Johannesburg, but the principles of risk management—facing uncertainty and threat head-on, minimizing it’s impact and unlocking its hidden opportunities—are universal.”

Khayalethu residence hosts academic and entrepreneurial symposium for students

BELINDA BANTHAM — Mon, 14 Apr 2025 07:26:01 +0000

Khayalethu residence hosts academic and entrepreneurial symposium for students BELINDA BANTHAM Mon, 04/14/2025 - 09:26

By Gofaone Motsamai

The Khayalethu Residence at the Mahikeng Campus of the North-West University (NWU) recently hosted an academic symposium aimed at empowering students with knowledge on research, artificial intelligence (AI) and entrepreneurship.

The event provided a platform for students to engage with experts in various fields, gaining insight into emerging technologies, business innovation and academic research resources.

AI in academia: embracing the future

Nomzingisi Madikane, manager for research and learning services, highlighted the growing role of AI in academia. She noted that the university is in the process of developing an AI policy to guide its responsible use. “There are so many services that you can leverage through AI. As the university, we are working towards establishing policies that will shape how AI is utilised in academic and media spaces.”

Nomzingisi encouraged students to embrace AI-driven tools for research and learning, while being mindful of ethical considerations. She emphasised that AI can streamline academic processes, making research more efficient and accessible.

Mirenda Hlophe, librarian for research and scholarly communication, provided students with valuable insights into research resources available at the university. She emphasised the importance of utilising faculty librarians for research support, using referencing tools such as EndNote and accessing academic databases.

“You do not necessarily have to visit the library every day, but there are essential services available that can enhance your academic work. Many students do not realise the value of library resources until they need them,” she said.

She also touched on copyright laws, informing students about legal limits on photocopying and the importance of ethical academic practices. “Did you know that you are allowed to copy only 10% of a book? Otherwise, you risk facing legal consequences,” she cautioned.

Entrepreneurship and innovation: the digital age approach

The symposium also featured an entrepreneurial session where speakers shared their experiences on leveraging technology for business success.

Tebogo Masobe, an incumbent at the Mafikeng Digital Innovation Hub and the founder of Sobaestro Café, detailed how technology has revolutionised his business operations, particularly in agriculture. He introduced an innovative farming solution that uses 90% less water than conventional irrigation systems. “I automated my farm so that even when I am not physically present, I can control it remotely using my smartphone. With this system, I can monitor operations, regulate water usage and reduce labour costs,” Tebogo explained.

He also introduced students to the concept of a hackathon, a three-day event where aspiring entrepreneurs collaborate to develop viable business solutions. “The world is moving fast, and we need solutions now. Hackathons accelerate innovation by allowing participants to turn ideas into businesses within three days,” he added.

Mpho Moloko, the founder of Mega G Techniques, addressed students on the importance of protecting intellectual property, particularly in the fields of music and education. He emphasised the complexities of commercialising creative content and the need for a strong business model. “It is not just about having an idea – it is about understanding how to protect and market it effectively. There are multiple steps, including copyrighting, referencing and assessing market potential, before a product can be commercially viable.”

Nomzingisi Madikane, manager for research and learning services, and Mirenda Hlophe, librarian for research and scholarly communication, share their knowledge and expertise.

Unveiling the evolution of intelligence science in South Africa

BELINDA BANTHAM — Mon, 14 Apr 2025 07:20:49 +0000

Unveiling the evolution of intelligence science in South Africa BELINDA BANTHAM Mon, 04/14/2025 - 09:20

By Gofaone Motsamai and Nikelo Mehlomakulu

The evolution of South Africa’s intelligence services and the academic study of intelligence science took centre stage at a public lecture hosted by the North-West University (NWU) on 3 April 2025. Delivered by retired lecturer and intelligence expert Henning van Aswegen, the lecture explored the historical foundations, transformation and modern-day challenges of intelligence in South Africa.

Henning, a former lecturer at the South African Intelligence College and author of Die Buro and Spioenmeesters, provided an in-depth analysis of how intelligence evolved from a wartime necessity into a sophisticated academic discipline. “Intelligence is not just about secrecy – it is about understanding the world,” he remarked, emphasising the role of intelligence in governance, national security and democratic accountability.

The lecture traced the roots of South African intelligence back to the colonial era, where intelligence gathering was a strategic tool in military and political conflicts. During the apartheid years, intelligence agencies such as the Bureau of State Security played a controversial role in state surveillance and counterespionage, often operating with limited oversight.

However, Henning noted that intelligence had to transition from a purely operational tool to a structured academic field. The establishment of the South African Intelligence College marked a turning point, with intelligence being studied alongside disciplines such as psychology, criminology and political science. “The perception of intelligence as just ‘spying’ is outdated,” he said. “It has become a structured science that requires strategic thinking, ethical considerations and advanced analytical skills.”

The role of intelligence in post-apartheid South Africa

Following the advent of democracy in 1994, South Africa’s intelligence agencies underwent significant restructuring. The formation of the National Intelligence Agency and the South African Secret Service aimed to align intelligence work with democratic principles, ensuring transparency and accountability while maintaining national security.

Henning highlighted the shift from a security-driven intelligence model to one that focuses on counterterrorism, cyber intelligence and economic security. He pointed out that intelligence professionals today are tasked with protecting not just state interests but also economic stability and digital infrastructure. “In the modern era, intelligence agencies are combating cyber threats, organised crime and geopolitical risks that extend far beyond traditional espionage,” he explained. “The field has evolved, and so must its practitioners.”

The lecture emphasised the need for ongoing academic engagement with intelligence science. Henning commended institutions such as the NWU for fostering discussions on the subject and encouraged students to consider careers in intelligence analysis, risk assessment and cybersecurity.

Intelligence expert Henning van Aswegen explored the historical foundations, transformation and modern-day challenges of intelligence in South Africa.

Vanderbijlpark Campus is set to host Purple Con

BELINDA BANTHAM — Fri, 11 Apr 2025 12:16:28 +0000

Vanderbijlpark Campus is set to host Purple Con

by Zenoyise John

BELINDA BANTHAM Fri, 04/11/2025 - 14:16

The North-West University’s (NWU’s) Vanderbijlpark Campus is set to host Purple Con, a vibrant celebration of anime, gaming and pop culture inspired by the renowned Comic-Con.

Organised by the NWU Anime Student Society in collaboration with the Faculty of Humanities and the Sports department, this one-day convention will take place on 26 July 2025.

The convention aims to bring together students and the broader community, fostering an engaging and inclusive environment. “Our goal with Purple Con is to create a space where creativity flourishes and cultural appreciation takes centre stage. We believe in bringing people together through a shared love for anime and gaming,” says Sibusiso Hlongwane, a representative of the Anime Student Society.

The society has been dedicated to building a vibrant community where individuals with shared interests in anime, gaming and pop culture can celebrate their passions. Since its establishment in 2023, the Anime Student Society has expanded across campuses, recently winning the award for Best Newly Affiliated Society in 2024. They have participated in numerous events, including Comic-Con at the Nasrec Centre, thus proudly embracing their identity as OTAKU.

To raise funds for Purple Con, the society embarked on a fundraising initiative by doing shifts at RocoMamas. “Through our Shadow Shifts at RocoMamas, we managed to raise a total of R3 146,90 from 10% of the shifts' turnover,” says Sibusiso.

They also held various fundraising events, including a Game Night, which brought in enthusiastic crowds.

Attendees can look forward to a diverse range of activities at Purple Con, reflecting modern anime culture. These will include thrilling gaming tournaments featuring popular titles like FC25, Street Fighter, Tekken and Apex Legends. For those seeking adventure, there will be opportunities for virtual reality experiences, paintball in a military-themed forest setup, and even four-wheel go-karting.

Notably, the convention aims to involve local talent and businesses. Vendors such as Mettlestate, Majesty Comics and Dragon Fire will be present, alongside popular food brands like RocoMamas and Red Bull. “We are excited to showcase both well-known brands and student-run businesses. It is important for us to provide a platform for young entrepreneurs to thrive,” says Sibusiso.

While specific guests such as voice actors or anime creators have not been confirmed, invitations have been sent to e-sports teams from various institutions, including the University of Pretoria and Wits University. Sibusiso says participation is open to everyone. “Attendees can expect a lively atmosphere filled with gaming competitions, vendor stalls, performances and more. While general admission fees are yet to be announced, the society plans to offer promotions for free tickets, making the convention accessible to all.”

“We hope to deepen the engagement of the local anime community and position the NWU as a leader in inclusive, youth-centred events. We want everyone – regardless of age or background – to feel welcome at Purple Con. It is about celebrating what we love in an environment that encourages collaboration and innovation.”

Empowering masterclass on side business success with Willem Gous

BELINDA BANTHAM — Fri, 11 Apr 2025 12:09:46 +0000

Empowering masterclass on side business success with Willem Gous

by Zenoyise John

BELINDA BANTHAM Fri, 04/11/2025 - 14:09

Aspiring entrepreneurs from the Vanderbijlpark Campus of the North-West University (NWU), alongside members of the local community, recently gathered for an enlightening masterclass led by successful entrepreneur and author Willem Gous.

The event focused on equipping participants with the knowledge, tools and mindset required to successfully launch and manage side businesses.

Willem, the author of the best-selling Side Hustle Success, shared invaluable insights into the world of entrepreneurship, encouraging attendees to think beyond traditional start-up models. His approach emphasised the importance of creating self-sustaining micro-businesses that do not rely on external funding. This perspective resonated deeply with the diverse group of attendees, who gained practical strategies and innovative approaches to turning their ideas into income-generating ventures.

During the masterclass, Willem addressed the common misconception that starting a business requires significant capital investment. “Starting a business is not about having a lot of money first. You do not need the money to start a business,” he emphasised, challenging participants to reconsider their approach to entrepreneurship. His insights sought to empower individuals to start small and scale their ideas without being hindered by financial constraints.

The event also provided attendees with a unique opportunity to learn about the key principles of running a side business, with a focus on managing time effectively, understanding market needs, and leveraging available resources. Willem’s practical tips and straightforward strategies allowed participants to envision a clear pathway from idea to execution, even for those with little to no prior business experience.

The masterclass left a lasting impact on its participants. Many attendees expressed how the session had shifted their perspective on entrepreneurship, offering them new ways to approach their current or future business ventures. One participant shared that they were able to implement Willem’s strategies to manage their existing business more effectively.

The first 100 attendees were given complimentary copies of Side Hustle Success, providing them with the opportunity to delve deeper into Willem’s proven methods for building and managing a side business. The free book served as a valuable resource for continued learning, reinforcing the lessons shared during the masterclass and helping participants take practical steps toward realising their entrepreneurial goals.

The event highlighted the ongoing support available through the NWU’s bhive Enterprise Development Centre (EDC), which plays a crucial role in helping entrepreneurs at various stages of their business journey. The bhive EDC provides access to resources, mentorship and networking opportunities, further empowering individuals to turn their ideas into successful businesses. Interested entrepreneurs are encouraged to visit the bhive EDC website for more information on registration and available services.

Dr Johann Landsberg, senior lecturer at the School of Management Sciences, praised the success of the masterclass. He said that this masterclass exemplifies the NWU’s commitment to fostering an entrepreneurial spirit in the local community. “Through initiatives like this, the university is not only

helping individuals to succeed but also contributing to the broader economic development and innovation of the region,” he said, adding that the event was a fantastic opportunity for aspiring entrepreneurs to gain practical, real-world insights into launching their businesses.

“Willem Gous’s approach to entrepreneurship, emphasising low-cost start-up strategies and self-sustaining models, resonates with the needs of our community. It is clear that the masterclass not only inspired participants but also equipped them with the tools to turn their ideas into successful ventures.”

Entrepreneur and author Willem Gous presents the masterclass on side business success.

School of Industrial Psychology and Human Resource Management hosts a successful work readiness workshop

BELINDA BANTHAM — Fri, 11 Apr 2025 10:29:58 +0000

School of Industrial Psychology and Human Resource Management hosts a successful work readiness workshop

by Zenoyise John

BELINDA BANTHAM Fri, 04/11/2025 - 12:29

The North-West University’s (NWU’s) School of Industrial Psychology and Human Resource Management (IPHRM) recently hosted a pivotal work readiness workshop for its honours and master’s students.

This initiative brought together industry experts to share valuable insights on graduate employability, industry expectations, and effective preparation for the workforce.

The workshop featured a range of experts who offered guidance on crucial topics such as CV writing, digital presence management, and interview preparation. Students had the opportunity to engage with professionals, ask pressing questions, and gain insight into the current job market trends and future employment opportunities. This informative session aimed to equip students with the tools they need to transition smoothly from academia to the working world.

Notable speakers included Carla du Plessis from Fitt Talent, who discussed navigating the industrial psychology landscape, and Adri Louw from LabourNet, who provided insights on the journey from the classroom to the boardroom. Ayanda Nkosi, a People Partner at BCX, shared her journey of personal growth, while Olwethu Machine, founder of Ambitious Professionals Academy, inspired students to maximise their employability.

The workshop also included practical sessions led by Nombulelo Malunga, a registered career development practitioner, who focused on CV writing and interview techniques, helping students refine their professional profiles.

Debbie Mtshelwane, NWU lecturer, Human Resource Management programme leader and event organiser, expressed her satisfaction with the event. She said that the event successfully equipped students with essential career skills and fostered connections between budding professionals and established industry figures, setting the stage for their future success.

“The success of this workshop, with more than 65 students in attendance, reflects our commitment to bridging the gap between academia and industry. By providing our students with direct access to industry insights, we are ensuring they are well-prepared to embark on their careers.”

Trump’s decision creates a window for negotiations

BELINDA BANTHAM — Thu, 10 Apr 2025 10:43:46 +0000

Trump’s decision creates a window for negotiations BELINDA BANTHAM Thu, 04/10/2025 - 12:43

The unexpected decision by President Donald Trump to suspend the reciprocal United States (US) tariffs on non-retaliatory countries for 90 days pending further negotiations has prompted a strong rebound in financial markets and a modification of previous gloomy economic forecasts.

Prof Raymond Parsons, economist from the North-West University (NWU) Business School, says this decision now creates a welcome window of opportunity for many countries, including South Africa, to negotiate with the US for lower tariffs.

“South Africa, which has so far taken a careful and pragmatic stance on US tariffs, must now also seize the moment in a transactional manner to broker a better tariff deal in its trade flows with the US. For the automotive and agriculture sectors in particular there is much at stake should South Africa use the 90-day period to seek to ameliorate the negative impact of high US tariffs on their exports to that country.”

Prof Parsons says South Africa’s negotiation stance should be based on the likelihood that the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) will not be renewed. He explains that the probable pain of non-renewal or exclusion must be built into South Africa’s strategy.

“Countries like South Africa must therefore seek to get the best deal possible with the US. All the same, in assessing how valuable this additional breathing space will be for further negotiations, it would be prudent to avoid excessive expectations as to the eventual outcomes.”

According to Prof Parsons, there remains a high level of unpredictability in the US tariff situation and in the erratic way in which decisions continue to be made. It creates persistent uncertainty around business decision-making regarding investment and supply chains, which promotes a “wait-and-see” attitude.

“This is the overall policy environment within which affected nations will nonetheless need to negotiate with the US on tariffs and related matters. Bilateral negotiations may be distorted by the inclusion of non-tariff issues in the discussions and may also drive a wedge between countries, thus elevating economic uncertainty. Tariff uncertainty during the 90-day period can be as economically damaging as tariffs themselves.”